Paraphrases

There are four techniques of paraphrase:

1. By changing the vocabulary:

e.g. She examined the difficulties that…

=She investigated the problems that…

2. By changing from active to passive voice:

e.g. Johns (1987) analysed the student’s difficulties and…

=The student’s difficulties were analysed by Johns (1987) and…

3. By changing the word from verb to noun:

e.g. The reports were comleted in Apri...

=The completion of the reports in April ensured that students had time to revise before their examination.

4. By synthesis